Description
For children with moderate-severe phonological speech sound disorders, we use three main evidence-based approaches in our clinic:
- Cycles;
- Complexity; and
- Contrast.
These approaches seek to bring about permanent, big changes to a student’s phonological system and to make students more intelligible. They rely on choosing good targets that transfer to other speech sounds without having to work on every speech sound in every word position.
Complexity theory tells us that some consonant sounds are more complex than others. For example:
- Three sound clusters (like /spl/, /skw/ and /spr/) are more complex than two sound clusters (like /sl/ and /pr/).
- So-called “small-sonority-difference clusters” like /sm/, /sn/ and /mj/(as is “music”) are more complex than “large-sonority-difference clusters” like /tw/, /kw/ and /pl/.
- True consonant clusters (like /tw/, /pl/, /br/, and /fl/) are more complex than so-called “adjunct clusters” like /sp/, /st/ and /sk/.
- True consonant clusters like /pl/, /sw/ and /fr/ are more complex than affricates like “j” or “ch”.
- Affricates like “j” or “ch” are more complex than fricatives like /f/ or /s/.
- Long, “hissy” sounds called “fricatives” (like /f/ and /s/) are more complex than short “stops” like /p/ and /t/.
- Semi-vowel ‘liquid’ and glide sounds like /l/ and /r/ are more complex than sounds made through your nose, like /n/.
The key idea, here, is that speech pathologists should prioritise speech sound targets that:
- are late-acquired developmentally;
- are complex/marked (e.g. targeting fricatives rather than stops, true clusters rather single sounds, clusters with low sonority differences, rather than high (or negative) sonority differences);
- the child doesn’t know/cannot yet produce accurately; and
- the child is not yet stimulable for.
In this pack, we include complex targets, sorted from most to least complex. Yes, students need to have some motivation and resilience to give them a go. But we’ve found that working on complex targets – using a Complexity, Contrast or Cycles Approach – gives you much more “bang for your buck” than targeting early-developing single consonants in word initial, final and medial positions. In particular, we’ve found that working with complex targets often results in bigger improvements in a student’s general intelligibility.
Included in this 83-page Complex Clusters pack are:
- Part A:
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- Three-sound clusters (spl-, str- (x3), skr-, spr-)
- Non-word Syllable Bootcamp
Part B:
- True clusters with a sonority difference of 2 (sm-, sn-)
- Minimal Pairs
- Non-word Syllable Bootcamp
Part C:
- True clusters with a sonority difference of 3 (fl-, sl-, fr-, shr-, thr-)
- Non-word Syllable Bootcamp
- Minimal Pairs
Part D:
- True clusters with a sonority difference of 4 (sw- (x2), bl- (x2), gl-, br- (x4), dr- (x3), gr- (x4)
- Minimal Pairs
- Non-word Syllable Bootcamp
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To make the tasks more difficult, and to speed up generalisation, combine the targets words with carrier phrases. (You can download our free carrier phrase pack here.)
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