Speech is a wonderfully complex skill, and children need lots of practice to learn how to do it. As with any motor skill, children make plenty of mistakes as they learn to speak clearly.
In English, we hear several common patterns of error in children’s speech as they grow up. Here are 10 common types of error pattern, and the approximate age by which we expect them to be “fixed” (gone) in typically developing children:
1. Assimilation:
Lala wants the lellow kuk. (Lara wants the yellow truck.)
It’s human nature to do as little work as possible, and our tongues, lips and other “articulators” can be just as lazy as the rest of us! Often one sound in a word will affect one or more other sounds in the word. This is called assimilation (or consonant harmony). Sometimes, the first sound in a word will change later sounds, e.g. if the child said “beb” for “bed”. This is called progressive assimilation. Other times, later sounds in a word affect earlier sounds, e.g. if a child says “lellow” for “yellow”. This is called regressive assimilation.
When to consider seeking help: if assimilation is still a feature of your child’s speech at the age of 2½-3 years of age.
2. Reduplication:
The taitai needs wawa. (The tiger needs water.)
When children repeat a syllable twice, rather than pronouncing both syllables of the word, they can sound a bit like babies babbling (e.g. mama, dada). When we hear it in 3-5 year olds, we call this error pattern reduplication. It almost always happens when the child repeats the stressed syllable twice, at the expense of the weak syllable, e.g. as in tiger and water above.
When to consider seeking help: if your child is 2½-3 years old or older and reduplicating syllables more than occasionally.
3. Voicing:
I fount a pek for the bram. (I found a peg for the pram.)
The sentence above makes no sense whatsoever. But it allows me to illustrate voicing errors. In English, we produce some of our sounds with our vocal chords apart. These are called unvoiced sounds, which include sounds like p, t, k, s and sh. For other sounds, we bring our vocal chords together to “turn on” our voices. These are called voiced sounds and include b, d, g, z and n. It takes a lot of control to turn your voice on and off during speech, and it’s not unusual for some children to make errors like not voicing sounds when they should (e.g. pek instead of peg) or voicing sounds when they shouldn’t (e.g. bram instead of pram).
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 3 years (or younger if your child is being teased for it).
4. Final consonant deletion:
Gi me my du ma ba. (Give me my duck mat back.)
Young children often omit the final consonants in their words. This is called (appropriately enough) final consonant deletion. It can have a big impact on how easy your child is for others to understand – could you understand the example sentence above without the translation?
When to consider seeking help: if your child is regularly omitting final consonants in words at the age of 3 years, 3 months.
5. Fronting:
Sorn tan’t find any eds to teep. (Sean can’t find any eggs to keep.)
This type of error is called fronting. It occurs when sounds normally produced with the tongue positioned at the back of the mouth (e.g. k, g and sh) are instead produced with the tongue positioned towards the front of the mouth (e.g. like t, d, and s).
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 3½-4 years of age (or younger if your child is hard for others to understand or being teased for it).
6. Stopping:
Da ban crac into dit debra. (The van crashed into this zebra.)
This ghoulish sentence illustrates stopping. In English, many speech sounds can be stretched out and held continuously until you run out of breath. Sounds like s, z, f, v and th, are good examples. Other speech sounds can’t be held continuously, e.g. p, b, t, d, k and g, which are all examples of “plosives”. It’s common for young children to substitute plosives for continuous sounds. We call this “stopping” because the children are “stopping” the sounds, e.g. turning the “this” with its nice continuous “th” and “s” sound into “dit”.
Age at which you should you consider therapy:
- 3 years of age for “f” or “s” (or younger if your child is being teased for it);
- 3½ years of age for “v” or “z” (or younger if your child is being teased for it);
- 4½ years of age for “sh”, “j” or “ch” (or younger if your child is being teased for it); and
- 5-7 years of age for “th” (as in “thin”) and “th” (as in “the”) (or younger if your child is being teased for it).
7. Weak syllable deletion:
The efant needs a brela. (The elephant needs an umbrella.)
When we speak, we don’t emphasise each of our syllables equally. For example, in the word “telephone”, we usually place the stress on the “te” and “phone”, leaving the “le” syllable in the middle un-stressed and weak. In “umbrella”, we stress the “bre”, leaving the “um” unstressed and weak. I’ll spare you a lecture about Trochaic and Iambic stress patterns in English. Why I mention stress patterns is that it’s common for young children to omit weak syllables. We call this weak syllable deletion.
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 4 years (or younger if your child is being teased for it).
8. Cluster Reduction:
There’s a ‘cary ‘pider in my room! (There’s a scary spider in my room!)
Many words in English contain combinations or “clusters” of consonants, e.g. squawk, crab or flower. It’s common for young children to omit one or more of the consonants in a cluster (so called cluster reduction), and there are some clever rules of thumb speech pathologists use to help us predict which ones.
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 4-5 years (or younger if your child is hard for others to understand or is being teased for it).
9. Deaffrication:
I broke my wash on the frids door. (I broke my watch on the fridge door.)
This one has a fancy name – deaffrication. Let me explain: in English, “ch” and “j” are actually made up of two sounds each. Ch = t + sh. J = d + zh (as in measure or vision). Affricate comes to us via German from the same Latin root as friction, meaning “rub together”. Because they are made by rubbing together two sounds, ch and j are called affricates. It’s common for children to drop one of the two sounds (i.e. to de-affricate them), e.g. the “t” in watch.
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 5 years of age (or younger if your child is being teased for it).
10. Gliding:
The wabbit woves wed wibbons. (The rabbit loves red ribbons.)
We call this error pattern gliding. It’s most common with r and l. Two year olds who glide are often praised for their cuteness. Gliding is not so adorable when you’re seven.
Age at which you should you consider therapy: 5-6 years of age (or younger if your child is being teased for it).
Other considerations
In reality, young children – especially 2 and 3 year olds – often make many of these errors in the same sentence, e.g. “dec a tary fwigt’n pider in my woo”. This can make it very difficult for adults who don’t know a child well to understand what he or she is trying to communicate.
As a general rule, if:
- your child’s speech is noticeably less developed or easy to understand than that of his or her peers;
- your child shows signs of anxiety or frustration about his or her speech;
- your child is self-conscious about his or her speech, or is being teased or bullied;
- your child’s childcare, pre-school or school teachers flag concerns about your child’s speech;
- you simply want to check that there’s nothing to worry about; or
- your child’s speech features any of these error patterns at 5 years of age,
we recommend you contact a speech pathologist to discuss your concerns.
Principal sources: Dodd, Hua, Crosbie, Holm & Ozanne (2002); Grunwell (1987); McLeod (1996); Bowen (1998).
Related articles:
- 12 speech-related warning signs that your child might have a hearing problem
- Which words should I teach first?
- Principles we follow when assessing a toddler’s language
- The age by which children normally learn different speech sounds
- What can we do to prepare pre-schoolers to read?
- Expressive language – syntax and past tense
- Do kids learn to string sentences together by listening to baby talk?
Image: http://tinyurl.com/neoc5by
Banter Speech & LanguageBanter Speech & Language is owned and managed by David Kinnane, a Hanen- and LSVT LOUD-certified speech-language pathologist with post-graduate training in the Spalding Method for literacy, the Lidcombe and Camperdown Programs for stuttering, and Voicecraft for voice disorders. David is also a Certified PESL Instructor for accent modification.
David holds a Master of Speech Language Pathology from the University of Sydney, where he was a Dean’s Scholar. David is a Practising Member of Speech Pathology Australia and a Certified Practising Speech Pathologist (CPSP).